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Pulmonary emphysema-

  • complex lung disease characterized by disrtuction of the alveoli
  • enlargement of distal air space and
  • breakdown of alveoli walls
Causes:
  • excessive smoking
  • air pollution
  • progression of chronic respiratory infections
  • exposure to air irritants like gasses or chemical pollution
  • aged persons are prone due to in ability to move or coughing and failure of frequent deep breathing exercises
  • allergy
Sign and Symptoms:
  • cough
  • dyspnea
  • symptoms of infection as fever, chill
Management:
  • avoid excessive smoking
  • avoid exposure to something that make him allergic
  • bronchodilators per doctor's order
  • anti-microbial agents for infection
  • steroids for the inflammatory effects
  • oxygen therapy for hypoxemia

Reference : medical nursing books and my nursing notes

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